COLOR 

Definitions and terminology 

the Color is a physiological sensation perceived directly by the retina of the eye. 
The decomposition of a beam of white color obtained by color band spectrum. The colors that make up this strip, called the spectral colors. 
In the spectrum always remains one and the same sequence of seven basic colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, Indigo, violet. Our eyes also sees a lot of intermediate colors and easy to distinguish color nuances: orange-red, yellow-orange, blue-green, blue-blue etc.
All colors are divided into chromatic, achromatic and the transition from chromatic to achromatic or chromatic to achromatic. 
The basic spectral colors and their intermediate are called the chromatic (Greek - painted). 
Achromatic color (unpainted) - white, gray and black - otherwise known as neutral. Achromatic colors have only Svetlichnyi differences., 
Chromatic colors are determined by three physical parameters: hue, saturation and lightness. 
  Hue distinguishes a chromatic colour from one another; saturation is indicative of the strength of color and clean color tone which is characterized by an admixture chromatic color to achromatic.
Each color can be darker or lighter while maintaining its color tone. If in a jar of water to drip blue ink and the resulting mixture is stirred, it will turn a pale blue solution. As adding ink solution will darken and acquire a deep blue color. In this case, there is a gradual decrease in lightness and increase the saturation of the same color tone. Or Vice versa, when in a glass of syrup - dark color pour carbonated water, decrease saturation and increase lightness. 
Are the most intense spectral colors. They are calledclean, open, intense. This includes invisible in the spectrum of the Magenta color formed by overlapping each other extreme, i.e. red and purple, the colors of the visible spectrum. Colors located between the main spectral (intermediate: yellow-green, blue-violet, orange-yellow and others), less saturated; they are called complex, calm, restrained. 
The saturation of any chromatic colors decreases from the accession colors: white or black. Color mixed with any achromatic color called muddy and color, saturation reduced by adding white are called razbelennye (for example, cream, pink or lilac), and by adding a black - shaded. So, brown color ~which is not in the spectrum, formed by mixing yellow, orange or red flowers with black color. 
In addition, the chromatic colors are divided into warm and cold. To warm colors considered yellow, orange, red and yellow, yellow-green, i.e. all colors mixed with yellow, and to the cold blue-green, blue, blue, blue-violet, i.e. all colors mixed with blue. 
All chromatic colors are divided into additional contrast and related together. 
The range of colors having the General appearance of the color features, called a gamut, or tone. So, if all the parts of the costume are bright, low saturated color grades, say that the suit is decided in bright colours or light colours. If the whole suit of the same color but several shades, the decision of this suit is called tone. For example, a suit of fabrics several shades of green called mellow green tones or green tones (see Annex 5). 

In addition to the conventional technical terminology of professional there are certain qualities of color. Fashion designers often use such colors as pastel and watercolor. Pastel called low color saturation, razbelennye, delicate shades. This definition is taken from the painting, executed in pastel, i.e. extruded colored pencils - crayons. 
Bright, light tones, called watercolor, are associated with transparency, lightness thinnest paint layer and the soft vagueness of watercolor painting. 

Laws of compiling harmonic combinations of colors

In modeling, fact that uses a small number of colors. The basis for the preparation of a variety of color combinations to suit is the use of color variations in color tone, saturation, and lightness. This difference is expressed by three types of ratios of color to each other: identity, nuance and contrast. 
Harmonic color relationships, similar in color tone, saturation, or lightness, are called the identity, communications minor differences - the nuances, the opposite of the colour - contrast. 
  Harmony combinations of achromatic colors. Achromatic colors having only Svetlichnyi differences can be harmoniously combined in two and three colors. Two-tone combinations expressed either as the nuance of two closely placed flowers in a row, or as a contrast to the far in a number of colors by lightness. Quantitative relations are taken achromatic colors can be built as identity, nuance and contrast. 
Tri-color a harmonious combination can be expressed in four ratios in brightness and number of colors: 
equally bright, medium and dark; 
a lot of light and convergence in brightness of the middle tones, a little dark;
a lot of dark and close together with him in brightness of the middle tone, a little bright; 
a lot of the middle tones and little light and dark. 
  The harmony of monochrome combinations. The above-considered regularities of composing harmonic combinations apply to the color ranks from chromatic to achromatic colors. These color combinations are called even monochrome, i.e. single color. We should not take more than two or three shades of this color tone. Otherwise, reduced communication and the expressiveness of their combinations.
Especially significant the role of the white and black colors as components of the composition of clothing. Because of its color neutrality of black and white is capable of harmonic relations with many chromatic clean and complex (derivative) flowers. 
Consider the basic monochrome harmonious combination with white and black colors, creating different sensations.
1. White and pure chromatic color (yellow, orange, green and other spectral colors) form a catchy, intense combination. The white color brings out the richness of color tones - which creates a feeling of decorative, festivity. 
Such combination of colors is spectacular, active (dynamic). 
A combination of white and pure chromatic colors based on the harmony of contrasts, i.e., against the opposite characteristics of spectral and white.
Black and pure chromatic colors are also catchy, intense combination. But the black color has the ability to loosen the brightness and purity of color tone. Because of this tension, garish combinations of pure chromatic colors with black decreases with distance from one extreme to another color spectrum (red to violet). 
This pattern applies to intermediate (derived from basic) color.
2. White and bright, razbelennye chromatic colors (cream, pink, olive and other pastels) connect seamlessly and easily, creating a feeling of freshness, elegance. 
Such combination of soft, gentle, but inactive (quiescent, static). 
  Harmony combinations of chromatic colors. More complex in the drafting of harmonic combinations is the relationship with the chromatic colors. The main one is a combination of two colors of the chromatic colour circle*. 

The color properties and their use in modeling

Color surrounds and accompanies people everywhere. The emotional impact of color is large and diverse: a variety of colors and combinations evoke different feelings, change a mood, evoke certain images. Dark, grim tone depressing, overwhelming effect on us, bright, on the contrary, delight, create a good mood. There are even expressions related to the color characteristic: "the dark forces", "a rainy day", "gray life", "pink dreams", "bright mind".
Closely associated with color and the human perception of nature. A dazzling sun, a red-yellow halo around him, blue-blue sky, green fields and forests - that opens in the summer in the nature of the human eye. Each of these colors seen in other times of the year, associated with images of nature summer time. Crimson and yellow evoke memories of the autumn forest.
Color can cause a sense of heat and cold. Warm usually called red, orange and yellow, cold blue and purple. These feelings are based on objective associations: red and orange colors reminiscent of fire, sunset. Blue color, reminiscent of the vast expanses of sea and sky, dauguet soothingly. Some colors are calming effect on humans, others are annoying and tiring. In this regard, the manufacture recommend to use calm, a greenish color for the walls and equipment.In the industrial protective clothing avoid bright red flowers because they attract attention and quickly tire.
Color affects the hygienic properties of clothing, especially in summer. Preferred for summer light fabrics, having a high ability to reflect sunlight. Colors of red, orange and yellow tones very well reflect the thermal part of the solar spectrum - infrared rays (in Central Asia so I prefer to wear dresses of red shades). 
The relation of man to the color, reflected in the preference of certain colors and color combinations to others, characterizes his temperament, taste.
In traditional clothes color and color combinations mean a manifestation of national taste and traditions, national customs and rites, of age-related differences. Thus, the concept of youthful beauty, the manifestation of the beginning of life-affirming Russian peasant was associated with the red color prevailed in the clothing and other items. Currently, the choice of colors is dictated by the age of the person: bright, saturated, pure colors and contrasting combinations are more suitable for young people, and restrained, sophisticated hues - people of Mature age.
Perception of weight and volume are also often intertwined with the sensation of color. Warm and bright colors have the ability to "speak forth" (Pro), and cold and dark - "go back" (retreating). Therefore, the objects, painted in warm colors, seem to be located closer than objects painted in cool colors, although they will be at the same distance from the eye.
This property is widely used in the composition of the costume. Fuller figure costumes cool, dark colors to appear smaller volume due to the fact that the color is a sort of alienates them. The same figures in costumes of bright warm tones will appear more voluminous than they actually are, therefore white always visually increases the volume, and the black is very it reduces.
Characteristics of colors to act and retreat, increase and decrease the volume used in the modeling of the costume and then when they want to make more of a difference in the volumes of the individual parts of the costume. For example, for visual reduction of the volume of the thighs (most women's hips are wider than shoulders), this kind of women's clothing, like a blouse and skirt, built on the ratio of two colors of different saturation or lightness. But in any case, the skirt should be darker than the shirt. Only then the volume of the upper part of the figure will seem enlarged and the lower reduced.
Change the colors from the immediate neighbourhood of one to the other is called simultaneous contrast of colors. 
On a dark background or adjacent to all colors become lighter and light or near - dark. This is easily seen by putting a piece of dyed grey fabric one edge on a white background, one on black. 
This is so - called the phenomenon of contrast in brightness. Color being on chromatic background or next to him, changes in the direction of the color complementary to the color of the background.
Additional colors from the neighborhood with one another enhance the Color saturation, identify and mutually emphasize each other. For example, quite calm red color can give a stronger sound, if you give surrounded by green. 
Related, close to each other in color surrounded by a more saturated color of the same colors lose their saturation, as if discolored. If the two blue colors with different saturation are chained together, then one of them less saturated - as it becomes gray. 
The white color in the neighborhood with red, yellow, orange acquires a warm hue.
The color properties when interacting with one another in one case strengthen or weaken their sound, in the other - to change the tint is of great importance. Knowledge of the properties of colors and their interaction helps the artist to implement certain artistic ideas.
In close connection with the phenomenon of simultaneous contrast of colors is the question of why one person comes to clothes of this color, and the other is not. This is the interplay of colors: the colors of the suit and ottenkami (especially the skin), hair colors, eyes. Therefore, if a woman warm and tender complexion, light yellow hair, her blue suits and blue tones. The brunette with the same complexion, but blue-black shade of hair going yellow, vibrant colors, and the woman with red, fiery copper-bronze hair green.The older women, the skin of which was so faded, you can't usually recommend clothes dark purple or purple with a blue tint colors, otherwise the skin will appear yellowish-earthy.
In the event of an unwanted color contrast in the interaction between the color of the suit with the complexion and hair, it can be avoided, separating the two colors neutral colors such as white, black, gray and beige is close to them in the decoration or additions to the costume. These colors would isolate the color of the suit from the color of the face, neck, hands. The quality of finishes and add-ons can be used in edgings, borders or lace at the edge of the neck and sleeves, collars, fur trim, scarves, scarves, necklaces, etc.
The positive property of all malonasyshchennye razbelennye (pastel) colors is a harmonious blend with one another in any quantitative relationships. This property allows users to enter in the composition as a single product and a set of clothes, several different in color tone shades and create a colorful, delicate combinations. From experience we know that pastel colors-to-face, with rare exception, all men.
Working on the composition of clothing a specific destination, or selecting a certain color, can not be ignored such property, as the change in evening artificial light. If the toilet is designed for evening, the fabric color should be selected only when the electric light, and Vice versa, the fabric is not for the formal dress cannot be selected under artificial light. This is because in artificial light the colors of the fabrics vary considerably.So, red, orange and yellow colors become lighter, and the red colors become more saturated, orange - red, and light yellow vyvalivaetsya. Blue, blue and purple colors become darker, while blue is noticeably green, the blue becomes less saturated, dark blue appear black, some blue, a little blush, purple blush heavily. For example, the color purple (violet small saturation and big brightness) becomes much redder; some purple even difficult to distinguish from purple. Green yellow (under artificial lighting.they are warmer); the brightness yellow-green color does not change.